McConnell LibraryRadford University

Library Tutorial - Citing Sources - Common Bibliographic Styles

I: Library Orientation
II: Research Strategy
III: Information Resources
IV: Selecting a Database
V: Searching Electronic Databases
VI: Finding Full Text
VII: Citing Sources
VIII: Internet Resources
IX: Evaluating Information Sources
X: Academic Integrity
XI: Information Ethics

Here are four commonly used bibliographic style manuals that show how to cite a variety of sources, including documents from the Internet.

APA Style

  • Preferred citation style in the field of psychology and in most social sciences
  • Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.  Washington, DC:  APA, 2001.  (Ref BF 76.7.P83 2001)  This book presents APA style requirements and provides examples for all types of information sources.
  • APA Citation Style Guide McConnell Library's quick link to citing print and electronic sources in APA format..You can also get to MLA Citation Style Guide from this link.
  • APAStyle.org  http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html  This is a brief page from the association.
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Chicago Style (aka Turabian)

  • Preferred citation style in the fields of history and the natural sciences
  • The Chicago Manual of Style.  Chicago:  University of Chicago Press, 1993.  (Ref Z 253.U69 1993)  Comprehensive guide to preparing manuscripts for publishing.
  • A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations.  6th ed. by Kate Turabian.  Chicago:  University of Chicago Press, 1996.  (Ref LB 2369 T8 1996)  Guide to writing papers in the Turabian variation of the Chicago style.
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MLA Style

  • Preferred citation style for the humanities, especially the fields of literature and languages, although other disciplines may use this format.
  • MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.  5th edition.  New York:  Modern Language Association of America, 1999.  (Ref LB 2369 G53 1999)
    The MLA style set forth in this book is used by high school and undergraduate college students in the humanities.
  •  MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing.  2nd ed. by Joseph Gibaldi.  New York:  Modern Language Association of  America, 1998.  (Ref PN 147.G444 1998)
    For graduate students, scholars, and professional writers.
  • MLA Citation Style Guide McConnell Library's quick link to citing print and electronic sources in MLA format. You can also get to the APA Citation Style Guide from this link.

ASA Style

  • Preferred style for sociology
  • ASA Style Guide.  2nd edition.  Washington DC:  American Sociological Association, 1997.  (Ready Ref HM 586.A54 1997)
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Most students will find the examples on McConnell Library's quick links useful, but the quick links give examples of only the most commonly used citations. They do not cover all types of materials, so you may want to purchase a copy of your discipline's style manual to refer to when you need it.

The information in style manuals is not limited to source citations. They also tell you how to format the paper, abbreviate, spell, punctuate, capitalize, and use tables along with other necessary information. If you are a graduate student, you will be required to adhere to the manuscript style described in the style manual for your thesis.

next - Comparison of APA and MLA Styles