Chicago/Turabian Style

NEW! McConnell Library now has the Chicago Manual of Style Online!

Unlike APA and MLA styles, which use In-Text Citations (which are also called Author-Date or Parenthetical citations), Chicago/Turabian style typically uses footnotes or endnotes, with a bibliography at the end of the text. Chicago/Turabian style is frequently used in history, criminal justice, art history, library science, and other academic disciplines. Check with your professor to see which style is required for your class.

In footnote/endnote style, there are three ways that a source may be cited. Each is formatted differently:

1. A FULL endnote/footnote citation appears the FIRST time that a source is cited in a paper.
2. A SHORTENED endnote citation appears the SECOND and all subsequent times a source is cited.
3. A BIBLIOGRAPHY listing appears at the end of the text, containing complete bibliographic information about the source.
4. Additionally, when you cite the same source twice in a row, without another cited source appearing between them, you use “ibid” in place of the author’s name and title of the work. Examples of this appear below.

(Chicago/Turabian also has a method for In-Text, parenthetical citations, but this online manual will concentrate on footnote/endnote style. Most classes that require Chicago/Turabian style at RU require using footnote or endnote style. )

For more information, refer to A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, by Kate L. Turabian. (Library call # LB2369 .T8 1996), or the Chicago Manual of Style (Z253 .U69 2003). Both books are in the Reference Department. The Chicago Manual of Style is also available online!

Each of the following examples shows full and shortened note styles, as well as a bibliography entry for the source.

EXAMPLES

Book (one author)

Note (First mention, full reference):

       ¹Patricia Duane Beaver, Rural Community in the Appalachian South
(Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1986), 77.

• The first line is indented, and the number is superscripted above the line.
• Note that this is a full reference, and includes the author, title, city and state of publication, publisher, date, and page number.
• Use a comma after the author's name, a colon between the publisher's city and the publisher, a comma after the publisher, a comma after the second parenthesis, and a period at the end of the note.
• There is no punctuation between the title and the first parenthesis.
• After you’ve listed one full reference, any other footnote/endnote citing this specific source will use a shortened reference or ibid.

Note (Subsequent Mentions):

  Shortened reference:

      ⁴Beaver, Rural Community, 95.

• The shortened reference refers to a work that has already been cited in full form but not in a note immediately preceding it (which takes the ibid form, see below).
• The first line is indented, and the number is superscripted, but the note only requires the author’s last name, the title of the book (sometimes shortened), and a specific page reference.

Bibliography:

Beaver, Patricia Duane. Rural Community in the Appalachian South.
      Lexington , KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1986.

• The first line is not indented, but the second line and all following lines are indented.
• Note that the author's name is listed with the last name first, unlike the first full reference note.
• Use a period after the author's name, after the title of the book, and at the end of the bibliography entry. Use a colon between the publication city and the publisher. Use a comma between the publisher and the publication date.

Book (two or three authors)

Note (First mention, full reference):

           ⁷Ina W. Van Noppen and John J. Van Noppen, Western North Carolina Since
the Civil War (Boone, NC: Appalachian Consortium Press, 1973), 226-7.

• Note that this is a full reference.The first line is indented, and the number is superscripted above the line.
• Use a comma after the second author's name, a colon between the publisher's city and the publisher, a comma after the publisher, a comma after the second parenthesis, and a period at the end of the note.
• There is no punctuation between the title and the first parenthesis.
• After you’ve listed one full reference, any other footnote/endnote citing this specific source will use a shortened reference or ibid

Note (Subsequent Mentions):

Shortened reference:

      ⁹Van Noppen and Van Noppen, Western North Carolina, 88-92.

• The shortened reference refers to a work that has already been cited in full form but not in a note immediately preceding it (which takes the ibid form, see below).
• The first line is indented, and the number is superscripted, but the note only requires the authors’ last names, the title of the book (sometimes shortened if the title is more than five words long), and a specific page reference.

Bibliography:

Van Noppen, Ina W. and John J. Van Noppen. Western North Carolina Since the
       Civil War. Boone , NC : Appalachian Consortium Press, 1973.

• The first line is not indented, but the second line and all following lines are indented.
• Note that the first author's name is listed with the last name first, and the next author is listed with first name then last name.
• Use a period after the second author's name, after the title of the book, and at the end of the bibliography entry. Use a colon between the publication city and the publisher. Use a comma between the publisher and the publication date.

Book (four or more authors)

Note (First mention, full reference):

      ¹¹Michael K. Brown et al., Whitewashing Race: The Myth of a Color-Blind
Society ( Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 87.

• Note that this is a full reference. The first line is indented, and the number is superscripted above the line.
• List only the first author’s name followed by “et al.” Use a comma after the period following "et al.", a colon between the publisher's city and the publisher, a comma after the publisher, a comma after the second parenthesis, and a period at the end of the note.
• There is no punctuation between the title and the first parenthesis.
• After you’ve listed one full reference, any other footnote/endnote citing this specific source will use a shortened reference or ibid.ibid

Note (Subsequent Mentions):

Shortened reference:

     ¹⁵Brown, et al., Whitewashing Race, 99.

• The shortened reference refers to a work that has already been cited in full form but not in a note immediately preceding it (which takes the ibid form, see below).
• The first line is indented, and the number is superscripted, but the note only requires the first author’s name followed by “et al.”, the title of the book (sometimes shortened), and a specific page reference.

Bibliography:

Brown, Michael K., Martin Carnoy, Elliott Currie, Troy Duster, David B. Oppenheimer,
       Marjorie M. Shultz, and David Wellman. Whitewashing Race: The Myth of a
       Color-Blind Society. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.

• The first line is not indented, but the second line and all following lines are indented.
• Note that the first author's name is listed with the last name first, and the remaining authors are listed with first name then last name.
• Use a period after the second author's name, after the title of the book, and at the end of the bibliography entry. Use a colon between the publication city and the publisher. Use a comma between the publisher and the publication date.

Book (editor or translator as “author”)

Note (First mention, full reference):

        ⁸Benita J. Howell, ed., Culture, Environment, and Conservation in the Appalachian South (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002), 116.

• Note that this is a full reference. The first line is indented, and the number is superscripted above the line.
• Use a comma after "ed.", a colon between the publisher's city and the publisher, a comma after the publisher, a comma after the second parenthesis, and a period at the end of the note.
• There is no punctuation between the title and the first parenthesis.
• After you’ve listed one full reference, any other footnote/endnote citing this specific source will use a shortened reference or ibid.

Note (Subsequent Mentions):

Shortened reference:

• The shortened reference refers to a work that has already been cited in full form but not in a note immediately preceding it (which takes the ibid form, see below).
• The first line is indented, and the number is superscripted, but the note only requires the editor’s last name, the title of the book (sometimes shortened), and a specific page reference.

Bibliography:

Howell, Benita J., ed. Culture, Environment, and Conservation in the
        Appalachian South. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002.

• The first line is not indented, but the second line and all following lines are indented.
• Note that the editor's name is listed with the last name first, unlike the first full reference note.
• Use a period after the "ed.", after the title of the book, and at the end of the bibliography entry. Use a colon between the publication city and the publisher. Use a comma between the publisher and the publication date.

Chapter or part of a book

Note (First mention, full reference):

       ⁵Eugene Genovese, “The Origins of Slavery Expansionism,” in The Causes of the American Civil War, ed. Edwin R. Rozwenc (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1972), 247-8.Note that this is a full reference.

• Note that this is a full reference. The first line is indented, and the number is superscripted above the line.
• Use a comma after the author's name, a comma after the article title, a comma after the book title, a colon between the publisher's city and the publisher, a comma after the publisher's name, a comma after the second parenthesis, and a period at the end of the note.
• There is no punctuation between the editor's name and the first parenthesis.
• After you’ve listed one full reference, any other footnote/endnote citing this specific source will use a shortened reference or ibid.

Note (Subsequent Mentions):

Shortened reference:

• The shortened reference refers to a work that has already been cited in full form but not in a note immediately preceding it (which takes the ibid form, see below).
• The first line is indented, and the number is superscripted, but the note only requires the author’s last name, the title of the chapter (sometimes shortened), and a specific page reference.

Bibliography:

Genovese, Eugene. “The Origins of Slavery Expansionism.” In The Causes of
       the American Civil War, edited by Edwin R. Rozwenc, 247-8.
       Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1972.

• The first line is not indented, but the second line and all following lines are indented.
• Note that the author's name is listed with the last name first, unlike the first full reference note.
• Use a period after the author's name, after the article title, after the page numbers, and at the end of the bibliography entry. Use a colon between the publication city and the publisher. Use a comma after the title of the book, after the last name of the editor, and between the publisher and the publication date.

Electronic book

Note (First mention, full reference):

• Note that this is a full reference. The first line is indented, and the number is superscripted above the line.
• Use a comma after the author's name, a comma after the publisher's name, a comma between the parenthesis and the URL, parentheses around the accession date, and a period at the end of the note.
• There is no punctuation between the book title and the first parenthesis.
• After you’ve listed one full reference, any other footnote/endnote citing this specific source will use a shortened reference or ibid.

Note (Subsequent Mentions):

Shortened reference:

• The shortened reference refers to a work that has already been cited in full form but not in a note immediately preceding it (which takes the ibid form, see below).
• The first line is indented, and the number is superscripted, but the note only requires the author’s last name, the title of the electronic book (sometimes shortened), and a specific page reference. If there is no page number, then omit it and end the citation with a period after the title.

Bibliography:

• The first line is not indented, but the second line and all following lines are indented.
• Note that the author's name is listed with the last name first, unlike the first full reference note.
• Use a period after the author's name, after the title of the electronic book, after the publication date, and at the end of the bibliography entry. Use a comma between the publisher and the publication date.

Journal article (print)

Note (First mention, full reference):

       ⁵Barry M. Gough, “The Records of the Pacific Station,” Journal of Pacific
History 4 (1969): 152.

• Note that this is a full reference. The first line is indented, and the number is superscripted above the line.
• Use a comma after the author's name, a comma after the article title, a colon between the parenthesis after the publication date and the page number, and a period at the end of the note.
• There is no punctuation between the journal name and the volume number, or between the volume number and the parenthesis before the publication year.
• After you’ve listed one full reference, any other footnote/endnote citing this specific source will use a shortened reference or ibid.

Note (Subsequent Mentions):

Shortened reference:

• The shortened reference refers to a work that has already been cited in full form but not in a note immediately preceding it (which takes the ibid form, see below).
• The first line is indented, and the number is superscripted, but the note only requires the author’s last name, the title of the article (sometimes shortened), and a specific page reference. If there is no page number, then omit it and end the citation with a period after the title.

Bibliography:

Gough, Barry M. “The Records of the Pacific Station.” Journal of Pacific History 4
       (1969): 146-59.

• The first line is not indented, but the second line and all following lines are indented.
• Note that the author's name is listed with the last name first, unlike the first full reference note.
• Use a period after the author's name, after article title, and at the end of the bibliography entry. Use a colon between the publication date and the page numbers.
• There is no punctuation between the journal title and the volume number, or between the volume number and the date.
• If there had been a volume and issue number, it would have been written like this: 40, no.4, and would have gone in the same place that the volume 4 goes in this entry. Sometimes there are volume numbers and issue numbers. If so, use both.

Journal article (online)

Note (First mention, full reference):

      ⁵Geoffrey M. Hodgson, “Institutions, Recessions, and Recovery from
Transitional Economies,” Journal of Economic Issues 40, no. 4 (2006),
http://find.galegroup.com/ips/infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=
retrieve&tabID=T002&prodId=IPS&docId=A156202956&source=
gale&srcprod=ITOF&userGroupName=viva_radford&version=1.0.

• Note that this is a full reference. The first line is indented, and the number is superscripted above the line.
• Use a comma after the author's name, a comma after the article title, a comma between the publication date and the URL, and period at the end of the note.
• There is no punctuation between the journal name and the volume number, or between the volume number and the parenthesis before the publication year. Use a comma after the volume and a period after "no."
• After you’ve listed one full reference, any other footnote/endnote citing this specific source will use a shortened reference or ibid.

Note (Subsequent Mentions):

Shortened reference:

• The shortened reference refers to a work that has already been cited in full form but not in a note immediately preceding it (which takes the ibid form, see below).
• The first line is indented, and the number is superscripted, but the note only requires the author’s last name, the title of the article (sometimes shortened), and a specific page reference. If there is no page number, then omit it and end the citation with a period after the title.
  

Bibliography:

• The first line is not indented, but the second line and all following lines are indented.
• Note that the author's name is listed with the last name first, unlike the first full reference note.
• Use a period after the author's name, after the article title, and at the end of the bibliography entry. Use a comma after the volume number and before the issue "no.", and use a comma after the parenthesis following the publication date.
• There is no punctuation between the journal title and the volume number, between the volume number and the date, or between the URL and the accession date.

Popular magazine article

Note (First mention, full reference):

• Note that this is a full reference. The first line is indented, and the number is superscripted above the line.
• Use a comma after the author's name, a comma after the article title, a comma after the magazine title, a comma after the date (March 19), a comma after the year, and a period at the end of the note.
• After you’ve listed one full reference, any other footnote/endnote citing this specific source will use a shortened reference or ibid.

Note (Subsequent Mentions):

Shortened reference:

• The shortened reference refers to a work that has already been cited in full form but not in a note immediately preceding it (which takes the ibid form, see below).
• The first line is indented, and the number is superscripted, but the note only requires the author’s last name, the title of the article (sometimes shortened), and a specific page reference.

Bibliography:

Murr, Andrew. “Suicide on the Force.” Newsweek, March 19, 2007.

• The first line is not indented, but the second line and all following lines are indented.

Newspaper article

Note (First mention, full reference):

• Note that this is a full reference. The first line is indented, and the number is superscripted above the line.
• Use a comma after the author's name, a comma after the article title, a comma after the newspaper title, a comma after the date (March 19), a comma after the year, and a period at the end of the note.
• With newspaper articles you should list both the section and page (B02 indicates section B, page 02).
• After you’ve listed one full reference, any other footnote/endnote citing this specific source will use a shortened reference or ibid.

Note (Subsequent Mentions):

Shortened reference:

• The shortened reference refers to a work that has already been cited in full form but not in a note immediately preceding it (which takes the ibid form, see below).
• The first line is indented, and the number is superscripted, but the note only requires the author’s last name, the title of the article (sometimes shortened), and a specific page reference.

Bibliography

• The first line is not indented, but the second line and all following lines are indented.

Web site

Note (First mention, full reference):

• Note that this is a full reference. The first line is indented, and the number is superscripted above the line.
• Use a comma after the author's name, a comma after the article title, a comma after the sponsoring web site, and a period at the end of the note.
• After you’ve listed one full reference, any other footnote/endnote citing this specific source will use a shortened reference or ibid.

Note (Subsequent Mentions):

Shortened reference:

• The shortened reference refers to a work that has already been cited in full form but not in a note immediately preceding it (which takes the ibid form, see below).
• The first line is indented, and the number is superscripted, but the note only requires the author’s last name and the title of the article (sometimes shortened).

Bibliography

• The first line is not indented, but the second line and all following lines are indented.

Blog entry

Note (First mention, full reference):

• Note that this is a full reference. The first line is indented, and the number is superscripted above the line.
• Use a comma after the author's name, a comma after the blog entry title, the name of the blog, a comma after the date of the blog posting, and a period at the end of the note.
• There is no punctuation between the URL and the first parenthesis of the retrieval date.
• After you’ve listed one full reference, any other footnote/endnote citing this specific source will use a shortened reference or ibid.

Note (Subsequent Mentions):

Shortened reference:

• The shortened reference refers to a work that has already been cited in full form but not in a note immediately preceding it (which takes the ibid form, see below).
• The first line is indented, and the number is superscripted, but the note only requires the author’s last name and the title of the article (sometimes shortened).

Bibliography

ZNet Blogs. http://blog.zmag.org/node/3158.

• The first line is not indented, but the second line and all following lines are indented.

Interview

Note (First mention, full reference):

• Note that this is a full reference. The first line is indented, and the number is superscripted above the line.
• Use a comma after the interviewee's name, a comma after the article title, a comma after the name of the interviewer, a comma after publication title, a colon between the parenthesis after the publication date and the page number, and a period at the end of the note.
• There is no punctuation between the volume number and the parenthesis before the publication year.
• After you’ve listed one full reference, any other footnote/endnote citing this specific source will use a shortened reference or ibid.

Note (Subsequent Mentions):

Shortened reference:

• The shortened reference refers to a work that has already been cited in full form but not in a note immediately preceding it (which takes the ibid form, see below).
• The first line is indented, and the number is superscripted, but the note only requires the interviewee's last name, the title of the article (sometimes shortened), and a specific page reference.

Bibliography

Glenn, John. “An Interview with John Glenn.” Interview by Rick Freidman. Omni 6
      (October 1983): 126-31.

• The first line is not indented, but the second line and all following lines are indented.
  

USE OF IBID

If two or more references to the same work follow one another without a reference to a different source between them, even if separated by several pages, use “ibid” rather than the usual author and title subsequent notes system.

 Here’s an example. Consider this your first citation:

This means that footnote #2 is from the same source and same page as footnote #1.

If the next note is also from also from Beaver’s Rural Community in the Appalachian South, but from a different page, then the next note would look like this:

             ³Ibid., 65.

Instructors, you may request someone from the Instruction Department to come to your class to talk about Chicago/Turabian and other citation styles with your students. We also offer Library Survivor Workshops on Chicago/Turabian, APA, and MLA citation styles. For more information, please send an e-mail to libinstr@radford.edu

Questions and corrections to this page should be sent to libinstr@radford.edu